Translation

Act 1 :Initiation

- mRNA is moved out of the nucleus into the ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum
- the ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits large and small.
- in eukaryote cells the they are the 40s and 60s subunits
- in prokaryote cells they are the 30s and 50s subunits
- The larger subunit contains 3 sites, A, P, and E
- The tRNA moves into the first site and reads the mRNA starting with AUG(codon)

Act 2 :Elongation

- tRNA contains anti codons that bind with the codons
- each tRNA contains a peptide that binds with the codon
- once the peptide binds with the codon it moves to the P site and picks up al the peptides that were previousely in the P site.
- the previouse tRNA moves to the E site and exits the ribosome
- this creates a chain of petides called polypeptides
- there are 64 different codons but only 20 amino acids. Every amino acid is responsible for 2-3 codons. This effect is called the wobble effect

Act 3 :Termination

- 3 base sequences can signal the stop of the translation
- the last tRNA moves to the P site and binds its peptide with the polypeptide chain
- once the translations stops, the ribosome breaks up again leaving behind the polypeptide chain that will later become protien

Transcription

Act 1 :Initiation

- The transcription factors locate the promoter (TATA) and the terminator (AAAUAAA) and begin the process of transcribing pre-mRNA.
- The strand being used to make the pre-MRNA is called the template or antisense, the other strand s called the coding or sense strand
- the initiation complex is made by RNA polymerase II

Act 2 :Elongation

- When being copied, th pre-mRNA is the same as the coding strand except that the T's are replaced with U's
- The pre-mRNA strand starts from the (TATA) sequence and stops at the termination sequence (AAAUAAA) in a 5' to 3' direction

Act 3 :Termination

- Once the Polymerase II reaches the terminator sequence the pre-mRNA cuts off and the DNA twists back together
- The pre-mRNA is guarded by a G-cap at the 5' end and a poly-A tail on the 3' end
- the useless introns are taken out of the pre-mRNA by splicosomes made up of proteins and SnRNP's.

DNA Replication

The process of replicating DNA requires several enzymes and proteins. By separating the process into parts such as Initiation, Elongation and Termination we make it easier to understand.

Initiation
As we all know DNA is in a form of a double helix, so before replication begins we have to first unwind that double helix. To unwind the DNA we use the enzyme Helikase. As soon as the DNA become unwound they also become single-stranded. When DNA is single stranded they become weak and can break easily. This is when singe stranded binding protiens come in to stabilize the DNA. Lastly we have the enzyme Gyrase that releases the tension from the DNA.

Elongation
Elongation starts when primase puts down a primer on the DNA. This primer acts as a signal that DNA polymerase can latch onto. In the leading end DNA polymerase III moves across the DNA from 5' to 3' and copies the genetic code from the parent strand. Polymerase I also helps by proofreading the daughter strands code and making sure it matches with the parent strand. However int he lagging end, DNA has to be copied discontinuously. Primase has to put down primers multiple times and Polymerase III has to latch onto those primers and copy genetic code only in small segments.

Termination
During the last step, Termination DNA ligase joins the okasaki fragments and completes the lagging end of the daughter DNA strand.

Anabolism - Metabolism - Catabolism

Anabolism - is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. Usually require energy from ATP.

examples :

Cyclic Cycle

Calvin Cycle

Non Cyclic Cycle

Metabolism: is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.


Catabolism: is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy.

Examples:

Glycolisis

Kreb Cycle

Rafflesia

The ROM is one of the best museums in Canada and on Oct 31st my biology class and I were given the privilege to attend a tour. During the tour what amazed me the most was a flower called the Rafflesia.

The Rafflesia is the worlds heaviest flower and surprisingly this flower has no stems leaves or true roots. The Rafflesia is also sometimes known as the corpse flower because it gives off the smell of rotting flesh. Other flowers release a descent scent in order to attract insects for pollination. The fact that the Rafflesia has a rotting scent indicates that the insects it targets are flies and other organisms attracted to the smell of rotting.

The rafflesia that was on display at the ROM was unfortunately a life sized replica. Having a real flower in a museum would be unrealistic as it would probably wilt and die.Other than smelling like a corpse the Rafflesia is also known for having no leaves and stems. The red petals on the flower show that it cant photosynthesis. How can a plant survive without phphotosynthesis. The Rafflesia is actually a parasite. It has roots however these roots dont get minerals from the soil, the Rafflesia's roots suck nutrients from other plants. It is with this method that the Rafflesia has no need to photosynthesis. The Rafflesia also has very strict blooming seasons, it will only bloom once a year and wilt in around 3 days. The Rafflesia blooms have to be synchronized or else pollination bettween males and females wont occur.

ETC - 10 facts

• PS II & PS I need sunlight to get excited

• Breaking apart of water molecules is called photalysis

• PS II passes the electrons to plastoquinone (PQ) to transport the electrons to the cytochrome

• B6F passes the electrons from the PQ and send it off to Plastocyanin to distribute it to PS I

• PS II and PS I are photo systems which means they need sun to activate

• PS I was discovered before PS II 

• PS I passes its electron to ferredoxin and ferredoxin become reduced

• NADP becomes negative after an electron passes through it, the positiv Hydrogen molecules bond with it making NADPH

• ADP synthase bonds with Adenine and two phosphate molecules to form the adenine diphosphate (ADP); these begin spinning quickly allowing the excess hydrogen to exit the leaf. This movement of the hydrogen atoms causes the spinning to slow down.
• The third phosphate bonds with the ADP to form ATP 

Pig Dissection Review

This week my bio class was given the opportunity to dissect a fetile pig. This dissection was supposed to further our understanding of multiple body systems by giving us a more real view of what each body system actually looks like and where they are positioned throughout the body.

This is a picture of what the fetile pig looked like before the dissection begun. We were asked to determine the sex of the pig and came to understand that ours was female which gave us the thought of trying to find the ovaries.

We started by making an incision right under the rib cage to try and isolate liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, lungs and ovaries

After opening up the pig's belly we began to isolate individual body parts

The Kidney

The Heart

cross section of the heart

An ovaries

The liver

After isolating all the parts in the belly of the pig Day 2 of the dissection began. This time our goal was to get the brain, lens and thyroid. Our group failed to locate the thyroid because everything looked the same, same color same texture we couldn't differentiate whether it was thyroid or fat or tissue.


Everything around the thyroid was the same color and texture so identifying the thyroid was too difficult a task for us


We began on the brain by cutting off the skin and splitting the skull




Our isolated brain was actually in excellent condition, our group took extra care not to damage it during the extraction process

Next, we began the extraction of the eyes and lens





After taking out the eye we had to cut it in half to get to the lens


Our final isolated lens

The story of stuff: A Critical Analysis

The story of stuff: A Critical Analysis

2. Annie Leonard was trying to reach a youth audience because they are going to be the people who can make change in the future.

4. A video makes the problem seem more real, although the drawings were cartoon, the act of the trees being cut down really made an impact on how i feel about deforesting. A video also keeps my attention on the matter at hand, Leonard was able to always stay on point and it was very educational to watch

6. Industries and big companies might disagree and even i disagreed at a few points. Some facts like our pillows being doused with a toxic fireproof chemical seemed exaggerated. I don't doubt that its true but considering the fact i never heard of someone dieing from a pillow toxin i feel like Leonard was simply creating a problem from nothing. 

8. It has, especially one of the last points that says 99% of what we buy wont last us up to 6 months. I'll definitely try to conserve more from now on.

Video Worksheet the cove

2. Taiji Japan

4. Ric O Berry became so involved in trying to save the dolphins because of the death of flipper. Flipper was Ric's pride and joy as a dolphin trainer and it simply committed suicide in his arms. 

6. Japan

8. Fishermen use long poles that are stuck into the water. By hammering these poles it makes a sound that the dolphins cant stand and that's how they herd the dolphins into the cove.

10.23,000

12.mercury

14.Japanese people still eat the dolphin meat because the meat is labelled as other kinds of meat. 

16.humans are over fishing because 7/10 people on htis earth depend on fish for their main source of protien

18.They distribute dolphin meat through the mandatory school lunch system

20.He shows up with a video of what the dolphin slaughter actually looks like

22.1986

Pasta dry lab using Mark-Recapture

Materials

• uncooked pasta
• markers
• ziploc bag

Procedure

1. A sample population was taken  (figure 1)
2. The sample population was marked (figure 2)
3. The sample population was placed back into the bag and the bag was shaken (figure 3)
4. A handful of pasta was taken out of the bag randomly and the number of previously marked pasta was recorded (figure 4)
5. calculations were performed to estimate size of general population (figure 5) 
6. 2 more trials were performed

Trials

	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3
M	27	27	27
n	27	29	45
m	2	2	3
N	365	392	405

1. After 3 trials of the mark and recapture sampling technique our group came up with 3 estimates. 367, 392 and 405 averaging 387. But when we individually counted the pasta we established with confidence that the true size was 479. Our group was off by 92 pasta and had error rate of 19%.

2. a) Our group only marked 27 pastas which is only 5.6% of the total population. Because only 5.6% were marked it led to our group having estimates way under the actual population size. Also, the pastas we used were previously already marked by similar markers which made it difficult to tell which were marked for this experiment.



    b) Some problems ecologists might encounter are that once the animal is caught, it might become wary of the traps and not get caught again, or maybe other members of the population don't want to associate themselves with the marked individuals because they are different. ecologists may also have to consider the risk of human intervention such factors like hunting, disease or predators may lead to modified population estimates. In the real world ecologists also have to face the very real risk of the population migrating or maybe other animals migrate into the population and disrupt food chains.

3. In order to improve our sampling design and the overall success rate of this experiment, instead of grabbing a handful of pasta we should randomly select each individual pasta. This gives us a more spread out reflection on the population. Also the amount of pasta selected should stay the same giving us a more standardized perspective on the overall population.

Figure 1

Figure 2

figure 5

figure 4

figure 3